A Farewell To Arms by Ernest Hemingway Essay - 1865 Words

A Farewell to Arms is a novel by Ernest Hemingway about an American ambulance driver in Italy during World War I, and the nurse, Catherine Barkley, with whom he falls in love. The story is narrated by his driver, named Frederic Henry. Whether or not this book is truly an anti-war novel is debatable, but it well depicts the effects an ongoing war has on soldiers and how the men try to numb this pain. Henrys close friend at the front, Rinaldi, forgets the war with the help of sex and seduction, the priest takes comfort in God, the Captain has humor and jokes about the priest, and almost all drink profusely, taking wine and brandy like water. But the most important and notable attempt to escape from the pain of war is Henry and†¦show more content†¦This was better than going every evening to the house for officers... I knew I did not love Catherine Barkley nor had any idea of loving her. This was a game, like bridge... (30) Catherine used the relationship to fulfill some fantasy. ‘And do you love me? [asks Catherine] ‘Yes....‘Say, Ive come back to Catherine in the night. ‘Ive come back to Catherine in the night. [Repeats Henry] ‘Oh, darling, you have come back, havent you? (30) She has created a stage, scenario, and is giving Henry the dialogue, possibly fantasizing that Henry is her dead fiancee. Catherine recognizes the falsity of their relationship openly. ‘This is a rotten game we play, isnt it? (31) She later tells Henry that he no longer has to pretend to love her. He lies and says that he really does love her. She responds: ‘Please lets not lie when we dont have to. I had a very fine little show and Im all right now.(31) Henry knows that he has no honest feelings for Catherine, and Catherine knows and admits the relationship is merely a game. While Henry is on the front he dreams about Catherine, imagining a romantic night with her far away from the war. Doing so he makes himself to want to see her, but t hat night he drinks too much and nearly forgets their date. When he finally arrives he learns that she is ill and will not be able to see him. He describes the way he feels as lonely and hollow (41). His want for Catherine isShow MoreRelatedA Farewell Of Arms By Ernest Hemingway1607 Words   |  7 Pages Ernest Hemingway s third novel a Farewell to arms was being created with his early experience with war. Just out of High school, E.Hemingway tried volunteering to fight in World War 1 but he was rejected by the U.S. military because of his poor eyesight. Instead he voluntarily enlisted in the Italian ambulance corps on the Italian front where he was injured by a mortar shell. While E.Hemingway was recovering he started to fall in love with a nurse named Agnes Von Kurowsky. She howeverRead MoreA Farewell Of Arms By Ernest Hemingway Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesA Farewell to Arms is one of Ernest Hemingway’s most admirable novels. It has received millions of positive and negative criticisms. It is also the most regarded American literary exemplary. The story is told from first person perspective. The perspective Frederic an American ambulance driver in the Italian army during War. He falls in love with an English nurse, Catherine, and he experiences the pain and loss in war and in life. Even though it is one of the most revered books in American literatureRead MoreA Farewell to Arms, by Ernest Hemingway1041 Words   |  5 PagesErnest Hemingway defined a hero as, â€Å"A man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful.† It is blatantly apparent that Henry, the protagonist of A Farewell to Arms, did not exemplify any of these traits at all in the beginning of the novel. However, as the book progressed, Henry gradually learned how to be a â€Å"Hemingway Hero†, and he eventually progressed to the point where he completely embodiedRead MoreA Farewell Of Arms, By Ernest Hemingway1339 Words   |  6 Pages[persisted] ‘What is defeat? You go home.’† Throughout A Farewell to Arms, many characters remain apathetic or disillusioned in matters most would deem vital. Frederic Henry struggles throughout the book to find sufficient resolutions to his problems, but in the end realizes the futility of his hardships. In A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway uses disillusionment and apathy to show the futility of mankind and the intimations of mortality. Hemingway doesn’t explain why Frederic Henry, the book’s protagonistRead MoreA Farewell Of Arms, By Ernest Hemingway1739 Words   |  7 PagesMajor events throughout history have resulted from human desire for fulfillment by instituting war, preaching religion, and glorifying love. In A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway introduces Frederic Henry, an American in the Italian Army during World War I. Frederic Henry’s attempts to find his meaning in life, are represented by his attempts to discover the possibilities in war, religion, and love. He does this through his friendship with a Catholic priest, his intense love affair with nurseRead MoreA Farewell Of Arms By Ernest Hemingway2089 Words   |  9 PagesThe novel, A Farewell to Arms, demonstrates how the world can cause hardship on an individual when exposed to emotions towards something through the lens of the characters and Hemingway’s life. One of the reoccurring themes throughout this book is, the individual who carries no feelings towards anything will never lose it, but once that individual catches emotion towards it it will be taken away. Hemingway incorporates this theme within his writing through Frederick and Catherine’s relationship,Read MoreA Farewell Of Arms By Ernest Hemingway1942 Words   |  8 Pagesnovel A Farewell to Arms Ernest Hemingway wrote, We re going to have a strange life. (D). His life was not ordinary by any means; he became the voice of his generation with his poignant works capturing the emotions of the American people after World War I. In his novel A Farewell to Arms Ernest Hemingway attempts to demonstrate through the characters of Frederic Henry and Rinaldi the feelings of horror and disillusionment the people of the Modern era tried to escape. Ernest Miller Hemingway was bornRead MoreA Farewell Of Arms By Ernest Hemingway994 Words   |  4 PagesIn the classic novel, A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, the reader is immediately introduced to Frederic Henry, who is both the narrator and protagonist. Use of the first person point of view draws the reader more closely into the story, allowing for the personal connection between oneself and Henry. This intimate relationship leads to an understanding, if not sympathetic, view of all his feelings. Throughout his adventures, Henry learns to overcome many different types of wounds which areRead MoreA Farewell Of Arms, By Ernest Hemingway1824 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"‘Defeat is worse.† â€Å"‘I do not believe it,’ Passini [persisted] ‘What is defeat? You go home’† (Hemingway 49). Throughout A Farewell to Arms, many characters remain apathetic or disillusioned in matters most would deem vital. Frederic Henry struggles throughout the book to find acceptable resolutions to his problems, but in the end realizes the futility of his hardships. In A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway uses disillusionment and apathy to show the fruitlessness of mankind and prevalence of mortalityRead MoreA Farewell Of Arms By Ernest Hemingway1582 Words   |  7 PagesIn A Farewell To Arms, Ernest Hemingway wrote about an American man named Frederic Henry driving an ambulance in World War I. Frederic Henry fell in love with a nurse, Catherine Barkley, and experienced his life in war with Catherine by his side. Ernest Hemingway received inspiration to write this book from his own true life events. He was in the military and also fell deeply in love with a young nurse from a Hospital when he was injured. The young nurse accepted Hemingway’s marriage proposal and

The Effects Of Pollution On Our Planet - 1081 Words

The world we live in is constantly changing with the ways of pollution. How long is it going to be until people start to worry about the damage we are doing to our own home? Many people and families are being affected by pollution every single day. It can cause a variety of health problems that can possibly even lead to death. It’s extremely difficult for people to live in heavily polluted areas. The effects of pollution can sometimes last a lifetime. Not just on humans, but animals and plants too. All living things experience the same problems in these environments.The negative effects of pollution are endless. The water that we drink today is polluted with our own garbage. Not only does it affect the inside of our bodies, but the world around us. The decaying plastic can cause gas to produce and may even lead to random explosions. Millions of living things are affected by pollution every single day. There are many simple ways to reduce the amount of pollution on our planet, and make it a healthier place. A wide variety of recycling facilities are being used by many people in many areas. This waste given by locals is being reused for many different things and is cutting down pollution, while also conserving energy. Pollution can also harm animals, not just humans or the ones living on land. Different kinds of pollution in different areas can spread into different animal habitats and environments. With pollution drastically increasing over time, it s difficult to tellShow MoreRelatedIt Is Very True That Human Beings Are The Most Intelligent1413 Words   |  6 Pagesintelligent creatures in our planet, we can create things that make life easier, but in return we are the creatures that destroy what is essential for future generations such as the environment. At this time, the population has water, electricity, t ransportation and all kinds of devices that make everyday life good. However, all these advances generate negative effects on the environment and these effects forms the fundamental idea of environmental pollution. We can call pollution at the presence of substancesRead MoreHow Do Pollution Affect The Life?941 Words   |  4 PagesHow do pollution affect the life in earth? The global warming is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants. The main cause of pollution is the human being. The contamination caused damage not only in animals and plants but also in the same man. In their attempt to progress and have an easier and bearable life has invented and used productsRead MorePollution And Its Effects On The Environment973 Words   |  4 Pages Pollution As a society, we have come to understand that pollution is the process of discharging harmful substances into our atmosphere, water or soil. There are campaigns all across the world educating us to the different types of pollution. Humankind has become more aware of the rising problems with pollution and recycling is constant in most households. We know about the effects that pollution has on the environment, but how do the types of pollution affect each otherRead MoreContaminating the Environment Essay966 Words   |  4 Pagessmartest of all the animals on this planet. This is why we are able to control most of the good or bad effects that happen here on earth. However, we do not always do what is best for the environment. Every year people and animals die from us polluting the earth. Chemicals are becoming one of the main problems with controlling the environment. Humans’ spray poisons on the land we live on and expect that nothing wrong will happen. These poisons eventually end up in our water we drink or shower in. Read MoreInformative Speech : Animal Agriculture1628 Words   |  7 Pagesto us and our planet. Thesis: The buildup of Animal Agriculture is a great destruction to our planet and our species. It is creating lots of negative impacts like overuse of water, water pollution, destruction of land, depletion of natural resources, mass extinction of animals (especially fish), and atmospheric pollution which causes global warming. Introduction (Attention Step): What do you think is the greatest cause of emission pollution? What do you believe is harming our planet? Well if youRead MoreThe World Without Us By Alan Weisman1484 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the future of our planet and what actions can we take to help it? This is the primary focus behind environmentalist movements of our time. Environmentalists try to take action in an effort to â€Å"save our planet.† But what if our planet doesn’t actually have to be saved? What if you were told that the Earth is actually going to flourish once we are gone? And all the efforts taken now to â€Å"preserve the Earth† were actually selfish deeds to ensure the survival of humans on this planet? Several post-apocalypticRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment970 Words   |  4 PagesWater covers almost 75% of the earth’s surface and is undoubtedly our most precious natural resource that exists on our planet today. There won’t be any living organism on our planet without water. Water Pollution occurs when a body of water is severely affected due to addition of large amount of materials to the water.[Missouri Botanical Garden] Pollutions such as sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. At high levels, nutrients can over stimulate the growthRead MorePollution Of The Environment And The Home1208 Words   |  5 PagesPollution of the Environment There is a strong connection between the environment and the home; this implication refers, in one aspect, to a human’s inclination and love towards home. Because of this connection one should be as concerned for the environment as one is towards his/her own home. Pollution can be defined as anything which is unclean. It causes a lot of environmental issues and health problems not only to humans, but to all creatures on the earth. If we more deeply consider the effectsRead MorePollution Is The Top Most Problem Across The Planet Today1718 Words   |  7 Pages The environmental issue I am very concerned about is pollution. Pollution, we hear it every other day in our lives either at school, newspapers, or TV. So what is pollution? Pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate the natural surroundings; which brings about changes that affect our normal lifestyles adversely. Pollution is the top most problem across the planet today. Even no one knows what will the future be and ho w will it be if this continues. Increasing with every passing year and causingRead MorePollution And Its Effects On The Environment1655 Words   |  7 Pages From the beginning of the existence of humans on planet Earth, humans have caused the majority of pollution in the environment. It is widely accepted that pollution causes negative effects on the planet and on biological health. Humans have polluted all the the four major parts to Earth; air, water, soil, and wildlife. Many countries have taken steps to limit or remove many harmful chemicals that are released into the environment but many large countries, such as China, still don t have tight

Descriptive Paper About Memphis Free Essays

â€Å"THE CITY OF MEMPHIS† The city of Memphis is located in the western corner of the state of Tennessee, and the county seat of Shelby County. Memphis is the biggest city in Tennessee, and the third largest in the United States. The residents of Memphis are referred to as â€Å"Memphians†, and the Memphis region is known as the â€Å"Mid-South†. We will write a custom essay sample on Descriptive Paper About Memphis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Downtown Memphis sits along the banks of the Mississippi River. Several large parks are scattered throughout the city, the most popular one is called the Overton Park. Also located in downtown Memphis is the Mud Island Monorail. It is used to transport people from the streets of downtown, across the Mississippi river to Mud Island Park, which is a park that sits in the middle of the Mississippi river and is completely surrounded by water. Memphis has humid subtropical climate. The summer weather is so hot that sometimes it’s hard to catch your breath, it gets very unbearable. The fall and spring are very nice weather wise. The winters are cold but not as cold as Iowa. During the winter it may snow just enough to cover the grounds. Many musicians grew up in and around Memphis. These included such musical greats as Elvis Presley, Three 6 Mafia, Jerry Lee Lewis, Muddy Waters, Carl Perkins, W. C. Handy, B. B. King, and many more. Memphis is full of talent, It is known for everything such as singing, dancing, acting, raping, writers and athletes. Memphis has one of the nicest Triple A baseball stadiums in the country. Memphis is also known for its cultural events. The largest celebration the city has is Memphis In May. The month long series of events promotes Memphis’ heritage. The four main events are the Beale Street Music Festival, International Week, The Sunset symphony, and The World Championship Barbecue Cooking contest, which is the largest pork barbecue cooking contest in the world. In April there is an event in downtown Memphis called Africa In April. Africa in April as a three-day long festival with vendor’s markets, fashion showcases, blues showcases, and international diversity parade. The festival was designed to celebrate the arts, history, culture, and diversity of the African diaspora. Memphis is such a large city that it is broken down into small areas such as South Memphis, Whitehaven, Westwood, Orange Mound, North Memphis, and East Memphis just to name a few. Memphis is a very exciting place to live. There is always something to do or some were to go. How to cite Descriptive Paper About Memphis, Essays

Cause and Effect of Speeding Essay Example For Students

Cause and Effect of Speeding Essay Cause and Effect of SpeedingThe popular movie Top Gun coined a phrase that reads I feel the need, theneed for speed. Many drivers today would agree with that phrase. Speeding isone of the most common ways that people break the law. When people break the lawthere are unpleasant consequences. A speeding ticket is an effective form ofdiscipline: paying for a ticket, traffic school, and higher insurance rates. Paying for a speeding ticket is an unpleasant experience. A ticket can beoutrageously expensive depending on how fast you were speeding. Some statescharge ten to twenty dollars per mile an hour over the speed limit. The officerassigns you a day to appear in court, if you choose to fight the ticket ratherthan pay the fine. Waiting in the courtroom to see the judge can be very closeto a death sentence. The wait is long, and the company can be frightening. Onceyou plead your case, you generally end up paying the fine. This only leads toanother line, and another wait. This has to be the most unpleasant part of aspeeding ticket. In addition, paying for traffic school is also a disagreeable experience. If youwaited to see the judge, you may be on your way after paying the fine. If thejudge is kind, and offers a traffic school option, the unpleasantness continues. Usually the traffic school is no where near to the courthouse, which causes youto search to find the it. The great experience of paying is close at hand afterlocating the school. You must endure the nine hour course after paying for theprivilege of attending. This is a class most people would have never taken ifgiven the chance. The unpleasantness associated with a speeding ticket is almostfinished when you have completed the course. A reoccurring reminder of a previous mistake is evident in higher insurancerates. Most insurance companies feel that speeding tickets make someone a higherrisk. So, to offset the risk they raise the premium. Which means it is moreexpensive to obtain insurance. If the insurance company decides to raise yourrates by only ten dollars it can have a lasting effect. When the ticket fallsoff your driving the record, usually in three to five years, you have spent morethan one thousand dollars more than if you had not been speeding. The insurancecompany raises your rates with each ticket, until they cancel the policy. Thisalone makes it worthwhile to obey the law. A speeding ticket is an effective form of discipline, with court, with trafficschool, and with higher insurance rates. The deterrents for speeding are not alloutwardly noticeable until you has been through the process. Once you have aspeeding ticket experience, you may be more careful to obey the law. e

Satire in Great Expectations Essay Example

Satire in Great Expectations Paper â€Å"When you satirize something, it’s usually through feelings and behavior. Satire is exercised through the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people’s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.† In the novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens shows readers how he satires human feelings and behavior through Pip’s character. One of the ways Dickens demonstrates this is when Pip turns his back on the ones that love and care about him. First of all, Pip thinks that he is better than Joe and Biddy and is ashamed of them. He ends up turning his back on them when they are basically the only people that love and care for him. For instance, Joe visits Pip in London and apologizes to him for embarrassing him, â€Å"If there’s been any fault at all today, it’s mine. You and me is not two figures to be together in London, nor yet anywheres else but what is privateand understand among friends† (Dickens 257). Even though Pip is embarrassed of Joe and goes to London and abandons him, Joe still visits him and apologizes even though it’s Pip’s problem. Another example is when Pip and Biddy have an argument about Pip’s treatment of Joe. Pip tries to explain to Biddy why he does not want to come visit Joe, â€Å"Well! Joe is a dear good fellow- in fact, I think he is the dearest fellow that ever lived-but he is rather backward in some things. For instance, Biddy, in his learning and his manners† (Dickens 158). It surprises the reader that Pip would say this about Joe since, Pip is full of flaws as well and Biddy and Joe do not turn their backs on him. The final example is when Pip abandons Joe and Biddy for Magwitch. However, he soon comes to the realization for his rejection; â€Å"I would not have gone back to Joe now, I would not have gone back to Biddy now, for any condition-simply, I suppose, because my sense of my own worthless conduct to the We will write a custom essay sample on Satire in Great Expectations specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Satire in Great Expectations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Satire in Great Expectations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Finish Strong, Not Crippled Professor Ramos Blog

Finish Strong, Not Crippled The back of an ambulance is the very last place I would have imagined I would be in. Who would have thought, the fast shining Athlete of the Year would meet such a tragic ending. The more I think about the horrific event or should I say, events, the more one realizes to enjoy each and every last moment. The former student athlete known for breaking records and dominating the competition was just across the hall with one minor difference. This track and field stud just happened to be in a wheelchair. From the unseen Athlete of the Year to the guy everyone now calls â€Å"hot wheels.† My close friends decided to bestow upon me the nickname, â€Å"hot wheels† as I will be remembered as the person who ran from the start line to the finish line, but in my own terms. Those terms being in a wheelchair. There would be several moments where my friends occasionally came up to me and asked, â€Å"You think you can shoot me a ride?† Without a doubt the most joyful part of be ing in a wheelchair due to the fact that I actually gave them a ride. Being able to open my mind to even the most unthinkable of events has literally both saved and endangered my life. I have always heard the saying All good things come to an end. I just never imagined it would happen to me. With the help of several companions I had the honor of meeting have helped me along the way. Before I get to how I became Hot Wheels, let me start where it all happened. My San Gorgonio High School experience would have been nothing without extra curricular activities. Sports as well as clubs made high school bearable. The sport which I love the most, soccer, did not go very well for me. Lets just say the varsity soccer coach and I had our differences in ideas. This all led to him booting me from playing during my last two years of high school. Although soccer was a bust, the one year I had the honor of participating in, I was able to meet some really great people. My best friend, Luis,who happened to be one of those individuals, who has also been doing Track as well as Cross Country attempted to persuade me to join Track and Cross Country with him. Month after month, all I would hear is â€Å"Ellis, stop being a little bitch and join track [and cross country]!† Believe it or not, Luis attempted to persuade me from the beginning of my sophomore year to the middle of m y junior year. As time flew by I realized, I would rather spend my time doing sports than doing nothing at home. So the day finally arrived, I listened to Luis’ advice. Luis never failed to remind me that it was never too late to join. The end of my junior year was the time where I finally came to my senses. After what some may call peer pressure, I attended my first ever informational track meeting. While meeting my future coaches as well as teammates, I was all in for what I was getting myself into. Track is split up into several events, many of which include: sprints, long distance, hurdles, jumps and throws. Due to my experience with resistance running in soccer, I joined distance. After several hours and hours of practice have been put in, the closer I have been able to get to my teammates as well as to Pablo Torres, my distance coach. I have never in my life met a group of more welcoming and cheerful faces.   The more practice I put in, the more I realized track is nothing like I imagined it. I imagined just running until you finish the race. I did not know that there is a special way to run, there is strategy involved, and that the willingn ess to fight against the pain are all included. Due to my history of medical problems, I was used to fighting through the pain that comes with hustling. I began to learn that you are not supposed to strike your heel first when you run. That is exactly what I did. As a runner, I am supposed to make my toes touch the track first in order to launch me forward. Swinging my arms is something I did not think much of until I got to track. Swinging your arms at the same pace of your running pace can actually make a big difference. After hours of individual training one on one with Coach Torres, I was able to make some improvement, but I just could not fix my habits of my way of running. As track season progressed, our first race was among us. As expected, I was the most nervous person ever, considering it was my first ever track race. The time came to adjust to this new sport.   My race which was yet to be called next, the 400meter race which was 1 lap, ended in a reasonable fashion as I came in 3rd. It was not bad for my 1st ever race. However, there was one problem, the head coach that was not aware I had a talent for long distance races, threw me into a sprinter’s race. Since there was way too many participants in track, the head coach did not know who is running what race. As the second track meet started, Coach Sanchez and Torres both decided to make it their responsibility to put me int the correct race and put me in the mile race. While the season progressed, so did my work ethic, therefor my race day performance was both shocking and outstanding. Starting from the very back, I worked my way to the top. As the race came down to the last lap, it was t ime to show what I was made of. My strategy has since been born along with my coach’s famous saying, â€Å"Finish Strong!† My motivation race after race was to be the best I can be. With the cheers and support from my team, nothing was impossible. Coming in at a close second, just behind the fastest runner in the history of my school in my event, I could not have been more proud of myself. Along with the self motivation I was giving myself, my teammates as well as my coaches all demonstrated how proud they were. As races kept passing, I kept performing. With the help of my teammates as well as Coach Torres, whom I was building more of friend type relationship with, pushed me to be the best I can be. Surprising enough, I was able to reach the top ten list of all time in my school in my event, which was the 1 mile and 2 mile race. I even qualified to one of the hardest events to reach: the Inland Empire Championships was the highlight of my running career. Although I did not perform as I expected, I could not have been more proud of where I was standing.   The more I continued to progress, the more and more I kept surprising everyone including myself and family. As you may know, all good things come to an end. At the very peak of my running career while I was breaking school records and qualifying for prestiges events, injuries did not go without taking its toll. Before track season even started, I suffered a concussion which took me out early on in my soccer season. While at a tournament with the team, I clashed in the air with one of my opponents which knocked me out of balance and causing me to land on my head. After I was medically cleaned and made my mark on the track, injuries made its appearance once more. While peaking, my childhood allergies got to me in a way that I could not explain. My allergies led me into the path of asthma. The part that most trifled me is that, I have always been playing sports while having bad allergies. To take care of those allergies I take daily pills to weaken the symptoms. With the asthma, the inh alers in which I was given did not help one bit. The asthma got as bad as to not even letting me run a lap without running out of breathe to the point of nearly collapsing. I visited the doctors several times, in one instant they informed me I have extreme lung deficiency. My dad went as far as to taking me to his home country of Mexico in order to get a treatment for my asthma. This doctor I visited in Mexico treated my whole family which also suffer from severe allergies and or asthma. All of which have left his office as healthy as an ox. Of course this sickness will not just vanish, but it seemed like we, my family, never had it. Being treated by this doctor really changed my life. I have had numerous occasions where I was on the floor gasping for air while praying and begging for God to not take me just yet. I could not be happier at my health progress as of now. As my injuries and health issues were once again to make its appearance, it seemed as if they were never going to go away. My senior year all went downhill. As the start of track season was looming, I was excited yet scared as what was to be expected. While the season was progressing, what I was expecting, happened. Considering the health issues I experienced the previous year, I lost a lot of the progress and experience I had gained. I went from being one of the fastest around the area to one of the slowest in my team. Sadly, it was just the start. When I was born, I had short tendons that were attached to my toes. As I got older, instead of my feet growing and my toes going down, they curled up on both feet. When reaching my 17th birthday, it seemed as if my toes were getting worse by the minute. It got so bad to the point that I could not even put on my shoes. Surgery was the drastic measures that were needed. As the end of my senior year came I had to push everything including my track season and senior activities aside. After my surgery, I was forced to spend a month and a half in a wheelchair. Thus, â€Å"hot wheels† was born. The roller coaster that is high school has taught me a variety of things. Track was without a doubt the most valuable and troublesome point in my life. Track has not only taught me to open my eyes to new experiences, but more importantly, to never stop fighting. All the blood, sweat and tears were nothing compared to the lifelong lessons I had the honor of experiencing. Attempting to adjust into a runner’s shoes was without a doubt one of the hardest things I had to ever do. I could not have done it if it were not for Luis, Coach Torres and Sanchez and my teammates that pushed and encouraged me everyday to both better myself and never stop fighting.

The Ethno Science Approach and its View of the Role of Marriage in a Essay

The Ethno Science Approach and its View of the Role of Marriage in a Society - Essay Example They consider the organization of the society regarding several issues, for instance, their structural classification of plants and their uses in relation to the specific societies (Ferraro & Andreatta, 2009). Ethno science is dependent on nature as it requires the indigenous people in order to understand their relationships with their environment. Actually, ethno science stems from the raw knowledge that certain people have on nature in view of their natural environment (Kaplan, 2007). Every ethno scientist would be interested in understanding the people’s knowledge on ethno-botany, ethno-zoology, and ethno-medicine. This information is conceptualized by an ethno scientist to come up with the final finding on societal knowledge concerning nature around them (Kottak, 2008). With the view that different societies have different knowledge with reference to nature and environment, it is extremely important for an ethno scientist to explore the effect of marriage to specific natur al knowledge in the society. Marriage in most societies involves transfer of a wife from her indigenous home to a new environment. Interestingly enough, when it happens, different cultures collide or merge and provide the opportunity for the adoption of new understanding of the environment (Moore, 1998). This will be in terms of the societal exploration and exploitation of nature in everyday life; for example, the classification of plants for nutritional, medicinal, and aesthetic purposes. To an ethno scientist, marriage in the society provides a situation in which a blend of natural knowledge will arise through incorporation of the different experiences and knowledge of the two or more people who have been raised in different environment endowed with different plant, animals and other natural features influencing people’s beliefs and knowledge (Percival, 1966). An ethno scientist will conclude that the marriage in the society can help reorganize these peculiar societal knowl edge and create a new set of beliefs and practices. The different systems of knowledge coming together necessitate erosion and assertion of new concepts. Since there are many concepts studied by ethno science, the marriage in the society will actually influence some of them (Sanga & Ortalli, 2003). In ethno botany, which involves the societal beliefs on the use of plants and their different roles in the improvement of human life, marriage will ensure that either one of the parties involved gets to learn more about the use of a plant or gets to learn about a totally new plant’s use (Dasgupta & Sarkar, 2005). For instance, various communities use plants in doing several things; this knowledge cannot be known by others, unless there is a very intimate association of two people who come from different societies, possibly by means of marriage. Different communities have used plants for several reasons; they have been used as a cure for snake’s venom, in soaring milk, as wel l as dyes and cosmetics (Percival, 1966). An ethno scientist will also view marriage in the society as an accelerating factor for environmental exploitation. There is a very close relation between environmental usage and ethno science. Human beings are in constant use of the environment and disturb natural balance in satisfying their needs. In the course of doing this, there can be environmental concerns regarding exploitation; it can lead to the extinction of some plants and animals species (Percival, 1966).

Technologies and Citizens Privacy Research Paper

Technologies and Citizens Privacy - Research Paper Example With doing away of paper based services people store their data in computers. Spy software and network sniffing programs that are readily available in the Internet have aided people in violating other people privacy. People, thus, need to be able to protect their network securities and computers from any form of intrusion. This calls for risk management when it comes to people’s personal information (Lindsay & Thomson, 2005). The government and business agencies need to find new ways and means that can protect people’s identity and privacy when delivering or offering services. Form a citizen’s point of view, it is clear that online and other forms of digital transactions are vulnerable to breach of securities (Davenport, 2006). Citizens lack proper knowledge to understand what happens when their identity is stored in the online government systems and other businesses. Through the use of spy software, a person can be tracked wherever and whenever he or she uses cr edit cards. There is the need for citizens to be educated on how to protect their personal information (Davenport, 2006). Advantages and Disadvantages of the Public Being Able to Access Information All forms of technological developments do come with their own issues biased on both the negative and positive sides. The issue of technology has brought the Internet age which has been having great importance in human lives and by so doing being able to enhance human interaction and business operations (Bhunia, 2006). However, the issue of insecurity has as well been experienced and which is in need of tentative analysis towards curbing all the issues of insecurity which comes as a result. The issue of network security is something which has been given the necessary concern and establishment by nations as well as organizations. Due to this kind of development, the network security is able to change the focus of security groups or security blueprint over the past few years. With the publi c is able to access information, there is a need to audit the systems that host the information. There are few things that an information security auditor needs to be previewed before carrying out an audit of the information security data centers. The auditor needs to be well informed about the organization and how it conducts its sensitive business activities (Lindsay & Thomson, 2005). This will immensely help when it comes to performing a data or information center assessment. Every organization should have a data center and its main objective should be to align the data center actions with the goals of the organization. At the same time it should be able to preserve the safety and integrity of the public data and information in the data centers. Prior to conducting the audit process, the following are some of the things that an information security auditor needs to do: meet with the IT management and carry out a review of its department organizational structure, conduct a review of the job description of all the employees at the data center, know all the application and operating systems in use at the data centers, review the data centers emergency recovery plans, and evaluate the IT departments or organizations policies and procedures when it comes to handling their data centers (Davenport, 2006). Protecting Information The issue of netw

Explain the current relationship status between the public and private Research Paper

Explain the current relationship status between the public and private sector. Include a discussion on the relationship between local law enforcement and private security departments - Research Paper Example me, the police themselves have become much more open to the assistance of private security firms, and have even begun to go so far as to provide valuable assistance and to open up line of communication to aid in the crime prevention process. While there most likely still exists an ‘us against them’ mentality, the reality is that both security sectors are beginning to realize that they have the same core objective and can both mutually benefit one another by forming partnerships rather than barriers. As with any large and populated area, the United States is in need of security. Long ago it became obvious that government agencies, as skilled as they were, could not be in all places simultaneously, so without the assistance of private security firms many individuals and organizations simply would not feel adequately protected. For quite some time, there has been an effort on the part of government law enforcement agencies to liaison with such private companies to provide security functions to broader society, but some would question the sincerity of this movement. Most definitions of such liaison programs revolve the ability to effectively communicate amongst various parties. In the case of security interests, these parties would involve public law enforcement entities, private security firms, and various business organizations. To properly liaison, however, a mutual feeling of respect and trust must be established in order to facilitate the information sharing process, and such sharing should be consistent and cooperative in nature (Alimahomed, 2014). Unfortunately, this mutual spirit of cooperation is often lacking between public and private security agencies, causing a breakdown in communication that can serve to threaten the very safety of the individuals that the groups are designed to protect and defend. Throughout history, it seems that private security and respective public policing agencies has not always agreed to maintain a cordial and working

Developing a Compensator using Cerrobend Materials

Developing a Compensator using Cerrobend Materials ABSTRACT In external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), dose optimization is achieved by conforming the dose distribution to the shape of the intended target whilst minimizing radiation to normal tissues in close proximity to the target. This is achieved by modulating the intensities of the radiation across the radiation portals forming the irradiation geometry used for the treatment. Compensators may be used to achieve the above effect and can be used to approximate the fluence map by appropriate linear attenuation coefficient of individual beamlets making up the original open beam fluence. This may be done with a treatment planning system (TPS) with inverse planning capabilities or with a bolus placed on the surface of the patient at the beam entrance point. This work describe the procedures for designing, constructing and dosimetric considerations of cerrobend compensator for high energy photon beams, using the bolus option on the surface of the phantom planned with Prowess Panther TPS. Also correc tion factors that account with effects of field size, treatment depth and changes in thickness ratio because of using bolus were introduced. The cerrobend compensator was adjusted to account for beam divergence and reduction in dose contributed by scattered radiation. The correction factors were applied to the thickness ratio for determination of appropriate thickness of cerrobend that mimic bolus. The measurements were done in Theratron Equinox 100 cobalt-60 teletherapy unit using Cerrobend slabs constructed to account for divergence of the beam for the maximum field size considered in this research (3030 cm2). The narrow and broad beam linear attenuation coefficient for cerrobend were determined using simple attenuation model, varying the field size from 44 cm2 to 3030 cm2 field sizes in air, and also varying the thickness of cerrobend from 0.5cm to 4.6cm. The value found was 0.4574cm-1 and also the field size dependence of linear attenuation coefficient were investigated. The sca tter produced by cerrobend was accessed and evaluated. The scatter-to-primary ratio dose contribution was found to be negligible for small field size as reported by Dimitriadis (2002), and can cause error in the final dose calculation up to 13.3% for 3030 cm2 and 4.09 cm thickness of cerrobend. The cerrobend compensator was successful designed and constructed. The dosimetric accuracy for constructed cerrobend compensator was found to be deviating with that predicted with Prowess Panther Treatment Planning System with percentage error ranging from 0.365 to 25%, which is associated with limitations in producing precise thickness of cerrobend with the same accuracy of that generated by the equation 3.04 and limitations in generating flat surface topography and also the presence of air bubble in the cerrobend compensator which was not investigated in thiswork. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND Cancer is a significant health care problem. On average about half of all cancer patients are treated with radiation therapy worldwide (IAEA, 2004). Radiotherapy, also referred to as radiation therapy, radiation oncology or therapeutic radiology is one of the three modalities used to treat malignant disease (cancer) the other two being chemotherapy and surgery (Suntharalingamn et al, 2005). Radiotherapy uses ionizing radiation to eradicate cancerous cells with the least possible damage to normal tissues. The first therapeutic use of ionizing radiation was demonstrated in 1897 by Wilhelm Alexander Freud, a German surgeon before Vienna Medical Society when he demonstrated the disappearance of a hairy mole following treatment with x-ray (Hall, 2000). The first recorded experiment in radiobiology was also performed by Becquerel when he advertently left a radium container in his vest pocket and subsequently described the skin erythema two weeks later (Hall, 2000). The modalities of radiotherapy are divided into two types, tele-therapy and brachytherapy. Brachytherapy is a method of treatment in which sealed sources are used to deliver radiation at short distances by interstitial, intracavitary or surface application (Khan, 2010). Tele-therapy is a treatment modality in which the source of radiation is at a distance from the patient, also called external beam radiation therapy, it uses photons ranging from kilo voltage to megavoltage photons, and electron beams from linear accelerators or Co-60 tele therapy units. In External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT), the methodology of treatment depends on different factors, which may include the shape and size of the tumour to be treated within the patient, sparing of normal tissues within the vicinity of the target from excessive irradiation, financial constraints and the quest of optimization of radiation dose to the target. There are different treatment techniques ranging from 2-D conventional radioth erapy to more advanced Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT). IMRT is a treatment planning and delivery technique that can greatly improve the process of conformal radiotherapy which refers to the process of blocking a beam with irregular shaped beam portal so that the dose delivered corresponds more closely to tumour whilst reducing the dose to normal tissue. In developing countries, most of the centrees are restricted to a Co-60 tele therapy unit with basic treatment planning and simulation capabilities. Patients present irregular surface topographies and tissue heterogeneities. According to Chang (2004), a compensator is a traditional tool for modern application and is an alternative IMRT delivery technique. In IMRT, the compensator is used not in the sense of compensating for missing tissue or tissue heterogeneity but as beam intensifier like dynamic wedges and multileaf collimators (MLC). The goal is to achieve dose uniformity throughout the whole target volume and, more importantly to spare critical structures according to the dose and dose volume constraint prescribed by the clinicians for specific patients (Jiango et al, 1998). Therefore, compensators are designed to produce an optimized primary fluency profile at the patient’s surface. This is achieved by modulating the intensities of the radiation across the radiation portals forming the irradiation geometry used for the treatment. There are various methods by which compensators can be made. According to Williams and Thwaites (2000), the three main types are grid-blocking system, contour system and a system using machined compensator. The first compensators made by Ellis et al. (1958) were constructed by stacking aluminum pillars. Another method reported by Lam et al. (1983) describes the construction of compensators from thin sheets of lead. Today compensators are more commonly made from molds filled with molten alloy or wax. Using molds is advantageous since it results in compensators with smoother surfaces and thus greater accuracy. To make a compensator for an IMRT practice, it is required to calculate the effective attenuation coefficient () of its materials, which is affected by various factors as field size, depth, off- axis distance, compensator thickness (Haghparast et al, 2013). A number of elements have been used to form compensators which include tungsten-epoxy mixture (Xu et al, 2002), Lucite (Khan et al, 1970), gypsum (Weeks et al, 1988), tin-wax (Van et al, 1995), tin (Chang et al, 2000), cerrobend (Waltz BJ et al, 1973), steel (Van et al, 1995), aluminum (Ellis et al, 1959), brass (Ellis et al, 1959; Tess, 2014), lead (Leung et al, 1974; Cunnighan et al, 1976; Andrew et al, 1982; Spicka et al, 1988), coper (Tess, 2014). In this study, a cerrobend compensator will be constructed using a simple attenuation model to determine its effective attenuation coefficient. Film and an ionization chamber will be used for dosimetric measurements and for verification of measured dose distribution and compared with those calculated with the PROWESS Panther TPS software at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. PROBLEM STATEMENT In external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), dose optimization is achieved by conforming the dose distribution to the shape of the intended target whilst minimizing radiation to normal tissues in close proximity to the target. Most dosimetric measurements are done on flat surface and homogenous medium, however patients surface is highly irregular and internal tissues are heterogeneous. The main aim of radiation therapy is to deliver uniform dose distribution within +7 % and –5 % (ICRU report 50, 1993) of the dose prescription without exceeding the tolerance dose of the critical structure around tumor volume. To achieve this goal, the above irregularities should be corrected. Thus different studies suggested and implemented bolus which is a tissue equivalent material placed at the surface of the patient to compensate the missing tissue. However, this technique doesnt spare the skin beneath the bolus. This is because, the buildup region is in the bolus and Dmax (depth of maximum dose) will be at skin surface. To solve such complications compensators have been introduced by different people on different approaches to correct both surface irregularity and tissue heterogeneity which is now done by using MLC based IMRT. Advanced technological innovations in anatomic and functional imaging modalities (CT, MRI, PET, and US) have led to improved visualization and the delineation of tumour. Radiation treatment planning and delivered techniques have also seen a marked improvement. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) provides a high degree of dose conformity to the planning target volume (PTV) and the conformal avoidance of organs at risk. Therefore radiation field is not only geometrically shaped to conform to the outline of the planning target volume at the beams eye view, but is also intensity modulated. The National Centre for Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) presently uses paraffin wax for construction of a compensator and cerrobend for shielding blocks, but there is a need to implement physical compensator based IMRT using materials which are available in the Centre and is inexpensive. This research will focus on design and construction and dosimetric considerations of cerrobend compensators to modulate the intensities of the radiation across the radiation portals forming the irradiation geometry used for the treatment. OBJECTIVES GENERAL OBJECTIVE The general objective of this work is designing and constructing a compensator using cerrobend materials. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To clarify the effect of scattered photons generated within the compensator on head scatter factor. To evaluate dosimetric accuracy and dose coverage. To compare and evaluate measured and predicted data. To evaluate the variation of dose distribution by the compensator. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The scope of this thesis is in the area of the IMRT by means of physical compensators specifically using cerrobend which are manually fabricated. In most centres which are practicing IMRT, the construction of the compensator to provide the needed modulation is done by generating a fluency map of the radiation portal needed. This is done with a treatment planning system (TPS) with inverse planning capabilities or with a bolus placed on the surface of the patient at the beam entrance point. The bolus option will be used in this research as currently there is no TPS in the country that can do inverse planning. In this case, the cerrobend compensator will be used to replicate dosimetric effects of the bolus placed on the surface of the patient. According to Jiang et al (1998), the calculation of compensator thickness profile (an optimized primary fluency profile) is straightforward typically using the exponentially attenuation model. With reference to this, the shape of the compensator w ill be adjusted to account for beam divergence and reduction in dose contributed by scattered radiation. Thus the dosimetric considerations is part of the scope of this research. The measurement will be made from a Co-60 tele therapy machine at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH). RELEVANCE OF THE PROJECT WORK In radiation oncology, a patient should get the best treatment option as much as possible in order to improve quality of patient care. So the expected results such as correction factors to account for reduction in scatter for using the cerrobend compensator to mimic bolus would have immense contribution to scientific and technical knowledge. From this work, it will be possible to implement IMRT delivering technique at National Centre for Radiotherapy and Nuclear medicine of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. The clinical implementation of IMRT technique requires at least two systems (Khan, 2010), which are: treatment planning computer system that can calculate non-uniform fluence maps for multiple beams directed from different directions to maximize dose to target while minimizing dose to critical normal structures. This may be done with a treatment planning system (TPS) with inverse planning capabilities or with a bolus placed on the surface of the patient at the beam entrance point. The s econd one, is a system delivering a non-uniform fluence as planned, so each of these systems must be appropriately tested and commissioned before the actual clinical use. The bolus option will be used in this research as currently there is no TPS in the country that can do inverse planning. The cerrobend compensator will be used to replicate dosimetric effects of the bolus placed on the surface of the patient. Similar research was done using different materials by Teclehaimanot (2014) in which the results were not in the clinically acceptable levels, so with this work we are expecting to reach such clinical levels with deviation less than 5%. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is widely used in clinical applications in developed countries, for the treatment of malignant and non-malignant diseases. This technique uses multiple radiation beams of non-uniform intensities. The beams are modulated to the required intensity maps for delivering highly conformal doses of radiation to the treatment targets, while sparing the adjacent normal tissue structures. This treatment technique has superior dosimetric advantages over 2-dimensional (2D) and conventional 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) treatments. It can potentially benefit the patient in three ways. Firstly, by improving conformity with target dose, it can reduce the probability of in-field recurrence. Secondly, by reducing irradiation of normal tissue, it can minimize the degree of morbidity associated with treatment. Finally, by facilitating escalation of dose, it can improve local control (Cheung, 2006). Compensator based IMRT has a lot of advantages over MLC, many literature reported by Taherkhani (2010), report that the penumbra regions created by MLCs are larger than those generated by cerrobend blocks. Compensators provide more consistent dose, impose no limitations on the dose delivery rate, reduce skin surface doses, and because of the high density of the cerrobend allows improved skin sparing with low production rate of secondary electrons (Gray, 1979; Hine, 1951) reported by Shery (1987). It gives continuous intensity modulation, high spatial resolution, gives room to treat large field size, easy quality assurance (QA), shorter treatment time delivery with some drawbacks which are lack of automation (Chang, 2004), but there are some disadvantages like the therapist having to go to the treatment room to change the compensator in multiple fields and production cost, being labor intensive and time consuming. But now these drawbacks have been fixed in many developed countries by introducing a milling machine which is incorporated with the Treatment Planning System (TPS), and an automated compensator-IMRT technique (Javedan et al. 2008). Other main advantage of using cerrobend in this research are: its low melting point of 1580F (700C) which makes it easy to be recycled. It is readily available, inexpensive, high density (9.8g/cm3) and is used as shielding blocks in EBRT where doses are reduced by 95% or 99% of their initial value. As a material for compensation with high energy photons, cerrobend provides several advantages over tissue equivalent material (Shery, 1987). In the past, Cerrobend had not been considered as an excellent compensator material despite its high density. Recently Chang et al (2004) found that there are cerrobend filling techniques that produce smooth and accurate compensators with consistent density. Solidified Cerrobend in the compensator mold becomes one of the top choices of compensator material. And it can be easily shaped to the intended form with uniform density using the technique described by (Chang, 2004). Chang et al (2004) showed that compensator-IMRT technique has several benefits for delivering continuous intensity modulation and have shown that the finer resolution compensator-IMRT technique can also produce dosimetry that is closer to the ideal IMRT treatment (without any delivery limitation) compared with the segmental MLC IMRT technique. From this work the patients treated at the National Centre of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine will benefit from all the advantages of IMRT techniques mentioned above. Consequently patients will also get a better and inexpensive treatment option.

Gun Control in Canada :: Second Amendment The Right To Bear Arms

Part I:Introduction The issue of gun control and violence, both in Canada and the United States, is one that simply will not go away. If history is to be any guide, no matter what the resolution to the gun control debate is, it is probable that the arguments pro and con will be much the same as they always have been. In 1977, legislation was passed by the Canadian Parliament regulating long guns for the first time, restructuring the availability of firearms, and increasing a variety of penalties . Canadian firearms law is primarily federal, and "therfore national in scope, while the bulk of the firearms regulation in the United States is at the state level; attempts to introduce stricter leglislation at the federal level are often defeated". The importance of this issue is that not all North Americans are necessarily supportive of strict gun control as being a feasible alternative to controlling urban violence. There are concerns with the opponents of gun control, that the professional criminal who wants a gun can obtain one, and leaves the average law-abiding citizen helpless in defending themselves against the perils of urban life . Is it our right to bear arms as North Americans ? Or is it privilege? And what are the benefits of having strict gun control laws? Through the analysis of the writings and reports of academics and experts of gun control and urban violence, it will be possible to examine the issues and theories of the social impact of this issue. Part II: Review of the Literature A) Summary In a paper which looked at gun control and firearms violence in North America, Robert J. Mundt, of the University of North Carolina, points out that "Crime in America is popularly perceived [in Canada] as something to be expected in a society which has less respect for the rule of law than does Canadian society..." In 1977, the Canadian government took the initiative to legislate stricter gun control. Among the provisions legislated by the Canadian government was a "Firearms Acquisition Certificate" for the purchase of any firearm, and strengthened the "registration requirements for handguns and other restricted weapons..." . The purpose of the 1977 leglislation was to reduce the availability of firearms, on the assumption that there is a "positive relationship between availability and use". In Robert J. Mundt's study, when compared with the United States, trends in Canada over the past ten years in various types of violent crime, suicide, and accidental death show no dramatic results, "and few suggestions of perceptible effects of the 1977 Canadian gun control legislation". The only positive effect, Mundt, found in the study was the decrease in the use